What Type of School ââ“ Public? Private? Liberal Arts?

Traditional academic program in Western college education

Liberal arts education (from Latin liberalis "free" and ars "art or principled practice")^[one] is the traditional academic program in Western higher education.^[2] Liberal arts takes the term art in the sense of a learned skill rather than specifically the fine arts. Liberal arts education tin can refer to studies in a liberal arts caste plan or to a academy education more than generally. Such a course of study contrasts with those that are principally vocational, professional, or technical.

History [edit]

Earlier they became known past their Latin variations ( artes liberales , septem artes liberales , studia liberalia ),^[three] the liberal arts were the continuation of Aboriginal Greek methods of enquiry that began with a "want for a universal agreement."^[4] Pythagoras argued that there was a mathematical and geometrical harmony to the cosmos or the universe; his followers linked the iv arts of astronomy, mathematics, geometry, and music into ane area of study to class the "disciplines of the mediaeval quadrivium".^[five] In 4th-century Athens, the government of the polis, or metropolis-state, respected the power of rhetoric or public speaking above almost everything else.^[6] Eventually rhetoric, grammar, and dialectic (logic) became the educational programme of the trivium. Together they came to be known as the seven liberal arts.^[vii] Originally these subjects or skills were held by classical antiquity to be essential for a complimentary person ( liberalis , "worthy of a free person")^[8] to acquire in order to have an active office in civic life, something that included among other things participating in public fence, defending oneself in court, serving on juries, and participating in armed services service. While the arts of the quadrivium might take appeared prior to the arts of the trivium, past the center ages educational programmes taught the trivium (grammar, logic, and rhetoric) first while the quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, music, astronomy) were the following stage of didactics.^[9]

Rooted in the basic curriculum – the enkuklios paideia or "well-rounded educational activity" – of tardily Classical and Hellenistic Greece, the "liberal arts" or "liberal pursuits" (Latin liberalia studia ) were already so called in formal pedagogy during the Roman Empire. The kickoff recorded use of the term "liberal arts" ( artes liberales ) occurs in De Inventione by Marcus Tullius Cicero, but it is unclear if he created the term.^{[x] [11]} Seneca the Younger discusses liberal arts in education from a critical Stoic betoken of view in Moral Epistles.^[12] The exact classification of the liberal arts varied however in Roman times,^[13] and it was but after Martianus Capella in the fifth century Advert influentially brought the seven liberal arts as bridesmaids to the Marriage of Mercury and Philology,^[14] that they took on canonical course.^{[ commendation needed ]}

The four "scientific" artes —music, arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy—were known from the time of Boethius onwards as the quadrivium. After the 9th century, the remaining iii arts of the "humanities"—grammar, logic, and rhetoric—‚were grouped as the trivium.^[13] It was in that two-fold grade that the seven liberal arts were studied in the medieval Western university.^{[15] [16]} During the Heart Ages, logic gradually came to take predominance over the other parts of the trivium.^[17]

In the twelfth century the iconic image – Philosophia et septem artes liberales (Philosophy and seven liberal arts) – was produced past an Alsatian nun and abbess Herrad of Landsberg with her community of women as role of the Hortus deliciarum .^[eighteen] Their encyclopedia compiled ideas drawn from philosophy, theology, literature, music, arts, and sciences and was intended as a educational activity tool for women of the abbey.^[19] Compiled between 1167 and 1185 it contained humanity'south near significant ideas. The prototype Philosophy and vii liberal arts represents the circle of philosophy, and is presented equally a rosette of a cathedral: a central circle and a series of semicircles bundled all effectually. It shows learning and knowledge organised into seven relations, the Septem Artes Liberales or Seven Liberal Arts. Each of these arts find their source in the Greek φιλοσοφία, philosophia, literally "love of wisdom".^[18] St. Albert the Great, a doctor of the Catholic Church building, asserted that the 7 liberal arts were referred to in Sacred Scripture, saying: "It is written, 'Wisdom hath built herself a business firm, she hath hewn her out seven pillars' (Proverbs 9:1). This firm is the Blessed Virgin; the seven pillars are the seven liberal arts."^[twenty]

In the Renaissance, the Italian humanists and their Northern counterparts, despite in many respects continuing the traditions of the Middle Ages, reversed that process.^[21] Re-christening the old trivium with a new and more than ambitious name: Studia humanitatis , and as well increasing its scope, they downplayed logic as opposed to the traditional Latin grammar and rhetoric, and added to them history, Greek, and moral philosophy (ethics), with a new accent on poesy as well.^[22] The educational curriculum of humanism spread throughout Europe during the sixteenth century and became the educational foundation for the schooling of European elites, the functionaries of political assistants, the clergy of the various legally recognized churches, and the learned professions of police and medicine.^[23] The ideal of a liberal arts, or humanistic education grounded in classical languages and literature, persisted in Europe until the middle of the twentieth century; in the United States, it had come up nether increasingly successful attack in the late 19th century by academics interested in reshaping American college education effectually the natural and social sciences.^{[24] [25]}

Similarly, Wilhelm von Humboldt's educational model in Prussia (now Germany), which after became the role model for higher pedagogy as well in North America, went beyond vocational grooming. In a letter to the Prussian male monarch, he wrote:

There are undeniably certain kinds of knowledge that must be of a general nature and, more importantly, a certain cultivation of the heed and character that nobody can beget to be without. People obviously cannot be good craftworkers, merchants, soldiers or businessmen unless, regardless of their occupation, they are skillful, ethical and – according to their condition – well-informed human beings and citizens. If this basis is laid through schooling, vocational skills are easily caused later on, and a person is always free to move from 1 occupation to some other, as so often happens in life.^[26]

The philosopher Julian Nida-Rümelin has criticized discrepancies between Humboldt's ideals and the contemporary European education policy, which narrowly understands didactics as a preparation for the labor market place, arguing that we need to determine between "McKinsey and Humboldt".^[27]

Modernistic usage [edit]

The modernistic use of the term liberal arts consists of four areas: the natural sciences, social sciences, arts, and humanities. Bookish areas that are associated with the term liberal arts include:

• Life sciences (biology, environmental, neuroscience)
• Concrete science (physics, astronomy, chemical science, physical geography)
• Logic, mathematics, statistics, reckoner scientific discipline
• Philosophy
• History
• Social science (anthropology, economics, human being geography, linguistics, political science, jurisprudence, psychology, and folklore)
• Creative arts (fine arts, music, performing arts, literature)

For example, the core courses for Georgetown University's Doctor of Liberal Studies plan^[28] cover philosophy, theology, history, art, literature, and the social sciences. Wesleyan Academy's Master of Arts in Liberal Studies program includes courses in visual arts, art history, creative and professional writing, literature, history, mathematics, film, government, education, biological science, psychology, and astronomy.^[29]

Secondary school [edit]

Liberal arts didactics at the secondary school level prepares students for higher education at a university.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Curricula differ from school to school, but generally include language, chemistry, biology, geography, art, music, history, philosophy, civics, social sciences, and strange languages.^{[ commendation needed ]}

In the United states of america [edit]

In the The states, liberal arts colleges are schools emphasizing undergraduate study in the liberal arts.^[30] The didactics at liberal arts colleges is often Socratic, typically with pocket-sized classes; professors are frequently allowed to concentrate more on their teaching responsibilities than are professors at inquiry universities.^{[ citation needed ]}

In addition, almost four-twelvemonth colleges are non devoted exclusively or primarily to liberal arts degrees, merely offer a liberal arts degree, and allow students non majoring in liberal arts to have courses to satisfy distribution requirements in liberal arts.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Traditionally, a bachelor's caste in one particular area within liberal arts, with substantial study exterior that master surface area, is earned over four years of full-fourth dimension report. Withal, some universities such as Saint Leo University,^[31] Pennsylvania State University,^[32] Florida Institute of Applied science,^[33] and New England Higher^[34] take begun to offer an associate caste in liberal arts. Colleges like the Thomas More College of Liberal Arts offering a unique program with only i degree offering, a Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Studies, while the Harvard Extension School offers both a Available of Liberal Arts and a Master of Liberal Arts.^[35] Additionally, colleges like the University of Oklahoma Higher of Liberal Studies and the Harvard Extension School^[36] offer an online, function-fourth dimension option for developed and nontraditional students.^{[ citation needed ]}

Virtually students earn either a Bachelor of Arts caste or a Bachelor of Science^[37] degree; on completing undergraduate study, students might progress to either a liberal arts graduate school or a professional person school (public administration, engineering science, business organisation, law, medicine, theology).^{[ citation needed ]}

Great Books movement [edit]

In 1937 St. John's College changed its curriculum to focus on the Peachy Books of the Western World to provide a new sort of teaching that separated itself from the increasingly specialized nature of higher schooling.^[38]

This section needs expansion. You lot can help by adding to it. (July 2021)

In Europe [edit]

"Thriumph of Due south. Tomas & Allegory of the Sciences" by Andrea di Bonaluto. Frasco, 1365-68, Basilica di S. Maria Novella.

In most parts of Europe, liberal arts educational activity is deeply rooted. In Deutschland, Austria and countries influenced by their teaching arrangement information technology is called 'humanistische Bildung' (humanistic education). The term is not to be confused with some modern educational concepts that use a similar wording. Educational institutions that see themselves in that tradition are oftentimes a Gymnasium (loftier school, grammar school). They aim at providing their pupils with comprehensive educational activity (Bildung) to course personality with regard to a pupil's own humanity too every bit their innate intellectual skills.^{[ citation needed ]} Going back to the long tradition of the liberal arts in Europe, pedagogy in the in a higher place sense was freed from scholastic thinking and re-shaped by the theorists of the Enlightenment; in particular, Wilhelm von Humboldt. Since students are considered to have received a comprehensive liberal arts instruction at gymnasia, very often the role of liberal arts education in undergraduate programs at universities is reduced compared to the Us educational system.^{[ citation needed ]} Students are expected to use their skills received at the gymnasium to farther develop their personality in their own responsibility, e.g. in universities' music clubs, theatre groups, language clubs, etc. Universities encourage students to practise then and offer respective opportunities but do non make such activities part of the academy's curriculum.^{[ citation needed ]}

Thus, on the level of higher education, despite the European origin of the liberal arts college,^[39] the term liberal arts college usually denotes liberal arts colleges in the Usa.^{[ commendation needed ]} With the exception of pioneering institutions such every bit Franklin University Switzerland (formerly known as Franklin College), established every bit a Europe-based, US-mode liberal arts college in 1969,^[twoscore] just recently some efforts have been undertaken to systematically "re-import" liberal arts education to continental Europe, as with Leiden Academy Higher The Hague, University College Utrecht, University College Maastricht, Amsterdam University College, Roosevelt University (now University Higher Roosevelt), University College Twente (ATLAS), Erasmus University Higher, the University of Groningen, Bratislava International School of Liberal Arts, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Cardinal European University, and Bard College Berlin, formerly known every bit the European College of Liberal Arts. Central European Academy launched a liberal arts undergraduate degree in Culture, Politics, and Lodge ^[41] in 2020 as office of its motion to Vienna and accreditation in Republic of austria. Too every bit the colleges listed above, some universities in the netherlands offer bachelors programs in Liberal Arts and Sciences (Tilburg University). Liberal arts (equally a degree programme) is merely offset to establish itself in Europe. For case, University Higher Dublin offers the degree, as does St. Marys University College Belfast, both institutions coincidentally on the island of Ireland. In kingdom of the netherlands, universities have opened constituent liberal arts colleges nether the terminology university college since the late 1990s. The four-yr bachelor's caste in Liberal Arts and Sciences at University College Freiburg is the outset of its kind in Germany. It started in October 2012 with 78 students.^[42] The kickoff Liberal Arts degree programme in Sweden was established at Gothenburg University in 2011,^[43] followed past a Liberal Arts Bachelor Plan at Uppsala University's Campus Gotland in the fall of 2013.^[44] The first Liberal Arts program in Georgia was introduced in 2005 by American-Georgian Initiative for Liberal Teaching (Active),^[45] an NGO. Thanks to their collaboration, Ilia State Academy^[46] became the offset college instruction institution in Georgia to establish a liberal arts program.^[47]

In France, Chavagnes Studium, a Liberal Arts Study Centre in partnership with the Institut Catholique d'études supérieures, and based in a former Catholic seminary, is launching a 2-year intensive BA in the Liberal Arts, with a distinctively Catholic outlook.^[48] It has been suggested that the liberal arts degree may get part of mainstream education provision in the United kingdom, Ireland and other European countries. In 1999, the European College of Liberal Arts (now Bard College Berlin) was founded in Berlin^[49] and in 2009 information technology introduced a four-year Bachelor of Arts program in Value Studies taught in English,^[50] leading to an interdisciplinary caste in the humanities.^{[ commendation needed ]}

In England, the showtime establishment^[51] to retrieve and update a liberal arts didactics at the undergraduate level was the Academy of Winchester with their BA (Hons) Modern Liberal Arts programme which launched in 2010.^[51] In 2012, University College London began its interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences BASc degree (which has kinship with the liberal arts model) with 80 students.^[52] King'due south College London launched the BA Liberal Arts, which has a camber towards arts, humanities and social sciences subjects.^[53] The New College of the Humanities also launched a new liberal educational activity programme. Durham Academy has both a popular BA Liberal Arts and a BA Combined Honours in Social Sciences programme, both of which allow for interdisciplinary approaches to pedagogy. The University of Nottingham as well has a Liberal Arts BA with study abroad options and links with its Natural Sciences degrees.^[54] In 2016, the Academy of Warwick launched a iii/four-yr liberal arts BA caste, which focuses on transdisciplinary approaches and problem-based learning techniques in add-on to providing structured disciplinary pathways.^[55] And for 2017 entry UCAS lists twenty providers of liberal arts programmes.^[56]

In Scotland, the four-year undergraduate Honours degree, specifically the Master of Arts, has historically demonstrated considerable breadth in focus. In the first two years of Scottish MA and BA degrees students typically study a number of unlike subjects earlier specialising in their Honours years (tertiary and fourth year). The Academy of Dundee and the Academy of Glasgow (at its Crichton Campus) are the only Scottish universities that currently offer a specifically named 'Liberal Arts' caste.^{[ commendation needed ]}

In Slovakia, the Bratislava International School of Liberal Arts (BISLA) is located in the Former Town of Bratislava. Information technology is the starting time liberal arts college in Central Europe. A private, accredited 3-year degree-granting undergraduate institution, information technology opened in September 2006.^{[ citation needed ]}

In Asia [edit]

"A young man introduced to the seven Liberal Arts" by Sandro Boticelli, c. 1484. Fresco in Villa Lemni, Florence.

The Commission on Higher Pedagogy of the Philippines mandates a General Education curriculum required of all college education institutions; it includes a number of liberal arts subjects, including history, art appreciation, and ideals, plus interdisciplinary electives. Many universities accept much more robust liberal arts core curricula; almost notably, the Jesuit universities such as Ateneo de Manila University have a strong liberal arts core curriculum that includes philosophy, theology, literature, history, and the social sciences. Forman Christian College is a liberal arts university in Lahore, Islamic republic of pakistan. It is one of the oldest institutions in the Indian subcontinent. It is a chartered university recognized by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan. Habib University in Karachi, Pakistan offers a holistic liberal arts and sciences experience to its students through its uniquely tailored liberal cadre programme which is compulsory for all undergraduate caste students.^{[57] [58]} The Underwood International College of Yonsei University, Korea, has compulsory liberal arts courses for all the student body.^{[ citation needed ]}

In Bharat, there are many institutions that offer undergraduate UG or bachelor's degree/diploma and postgraduate PG or chief'south degree/diploma too as doctoral PhD and postdoctoral studies and research, in this academic discipline. Manipal Academy of Higher Education – MAHE, an Institution of Eminence as recognised past MHRD of Govt of India in 2018, houses a Kinesthesia of Liberal Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, and as well others like Symbiosis & FLAME Academy in Pune, Ahmedabad University, Ashoka University, and Azim Premji University in Bangalore. Lingnan Academy and University of Liberal Arts- Bangladesh (ULAB) are also a few such liberal arts colleges in Asia. International Christian University in Tokyo is the offset and 1 of the very few liberal arts universities in Japan. Fulbright University Vietnam is the commencement liberal arts establishment in Vietnam.^{[ citation needed ]}

In Australia [edit]

Campion College is a Roman Catholic defended liberal arts college, located in the western suburbs of Sydney. Founded in 2006, it is the first tertiary educational liberal arts college of its type in Australia. Campion offers a Bachelor of Arts in the Liberal Arts as its sole undergraduate degree. The key disciplines studied are history, literature, philosophy, and theology.^[59]

The Millis Establish is the Schoolhouse of Liberal Arts at Christian Heritage College located in Brisbane. Founded by Dr. Ryan Messmore, former President of Campion College, the Millis Institute offers a Bachelor of Arts in the Liberal Arts in which students tin cull to major in Philosophy, Theology, History or Literature. It besides endorses a 'Report Away' programme whereby students can earn credit towards their caste by undertaking two units over a five-week plan at the University of Oxford. As of 2022, Elizabeth Hillman is currently the President of the Millis Plant.^[60]

A new school of Liberal Arts has been formed in the University of Wollongong; the new Arts course entitled 'Western Civilisation' was commencement offered in 2020. The interdisciplinary curriculum focuses on the archetype intellectual and creative literature of the Western tradition. Courses in the liberal arts have recently been developed at the University of Sydney and the University of Notre Dame.^{[ commendation needed ]}

See as well [edit]

• Artes Mechanicae  – Latin for "the mechanical arts"
• Bachelor of General Studies
• Bachelor of Liberal Arts
• Available of Liberal Studies
• Classical education
• Classical education movement
• College of Arts and Sciences
• Md of Liberal Studies
• Teaching in aboriginal Greece
• Education in ancient Rome
• Education reform § Reforms of classical teaching
• Four arts
• General studies
• Smashing books
• Great Books programs in Canada
• Humanitas
• Humanities
• Interdisciplinarity
• Jesuit didactics (Eloquentia perfecta)
• Liberal arts college
• Liberal pedagogy
• Listing of liberal arts colleges
• STEAM fields
• Transcendentalism

Citations [edit]

1. ^ "MA Liberal Arts | Course Overview". University of Winchester . Retrieved 6 February 2022.
2. ^ "What is Liberal Arts? – Aboriginal, Medieval, Modern". Liberal Arts Great britain . Retrieved four June 2018.
3. ^ Kimball, Bruce A., 1951- (1995). Orators & philosophers : a history of the idea of liberal education (Expanded ed.). New York: Higher Entrance Exam Board. ISBN0-87447-514-7. OCLC 32776486. {{cite volume}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
4. ^ Tubbs, Nigel (2014). Philosophy and Mod Liberal Arts Education: Liberty is to Learn. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. one. ISBN978-one-137-35891-two. OCLC 882530818.
5. ^ Tubbs, Nigel (2014). Philosophy and Mod Liberal Arts Education: Freedom is to Learn. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 17. ISBN978-1-137-35891-two. OCLC 882530818.
6. ^ "Trivium and Quadrivium | The Vii Liberal Arts | Study Liberal Arts". Liberal Arts . Retrieved 25 Apr 2020.
7. ^ "Philosophy and the Liberal Arts | Essays". Liberal Arts. 25 January 2020. Retrieved 25 Apr 2020.
8. ^ Curtius, Ernst Robert (1973) [1948]. European Literature and the Latin Heart Ages . Translated by Trask, Willard R. Princeton: Princeton University Printing. p. 37. ISBN9780691097398. The classical sources include Cicero, De Oratore, I.72–73, III.127, and De re publica, I.xxx.
9. ^ Castle, E.B. (1969). Ancient Education and Today. p. 59.
10. ^ Kimball, Bruce. Orators and Philosophers. New York: College Archway Examination Lath, 1995. p. 13
11. ^ Cicero. De Inventione. Book 1, Department 35
12. ^ Seneca. Ben Schneider (ed.). "Epistle". Stoics.com. 88. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
13. ^ ^{a b} Lausberg, H. (1998). Handbook of Literary Rhetoric. p. ten.
14. ^ Waddell, Helen (1968). The Wandering Scholars. p. 25.
15. ^ "James Shush: The Day the Universe Changed In the Light Of the Above". YouTube. Archived from the original on 23 May 2012.
16. ^ Wagner, David Leslie (1983). The Seven liberal arts in the Middle Ages. Indiana University Press. ISBN978-0-253-35185-ii . Retrieved 5 January 2013.
17. ^ Waddell, Helen (1968). The Wandering Scholars. pp. 141–143.
18. ^ ^{a b} Tidbury, Iain (5 Baronial 2019). "Liberal Arts Educational activity by and for Women". Liberal Arts . Retrieved v August 2019.
19. ^ Griffiths, Fiona J. (iii June 2011). The Garden of Delights: Reform and Renaissance for Women in the Twelfth Century. Academy of Pennsylvania Printing. ISBN9780812202113.
20. ^ Michael, William (2020). "The Virgin Mary and the Classical Liberal Arts". Classical Liberal Arts University.
21. ^ G. Norton ed., The Cambridge History of Literary Criticism Vol 3 (1999)p. 46 and pp. 601–4
22. ^ Paul Oskar Kristeller, Renaissance Idea Two: Papers on Humanism and the Arts (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1965), p. 178.
23. ^ Charles 1000. Nauert, Humanism and the Civilisation of Renaissance Europe (New Approaches to European History) (Cambridge University Press, 2006), pp. 172–173.
24. ^ Bod, Rens; A New History of the Humanities, Oxford Academy Press, Oxford, 2014.
25. ^ Adler, Eric; The Battle of the Classics: How a Nineteenth-Century Debate Can Salve the Humanities Today, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2020, p. 59.
26. ^ As quoted in Profiles of educators: Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835) past Karl-Heinz Günther (1988), doi:x.1007/BF02192965
27. ^ Nida-Rümelin, Julian (29 October 2009). "Bologna-Prozess: Die Chance zum Kompromiss ist da". Die Zeit (in German). Retrieved 29 Nov 2015.
28. ^ "curriculum". Georgetown University Doctor of Liberal Studies.
29. ^ "Graduate Liberal Studies". Wesleyan University (www.wesleyan.edu).
30. ^ "Defining Liberal Arts Pedagogy" (PDF). Wabash College. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
31. ^ "Online Liberal Arts Associate Degree". Saint Leo University. Archived from the original on 16 August 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
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35. ^ https://extension.harvard.edu.
36. ^ https://extension.harvard.edu.
37. ^ For instance, Georgia Establish of Technology'south bachelor of scientific discipline degree in Applied Languages and Intercultural Studies http://www.modlangs.gatech.edu
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39. ^ Harriman, Philip 50. (1935). "Antecedents of the Liberal-Arts College". The Journal of Higher Education. Ohio State University Press. half dozen (2): 63–71. doi:10.2307/1975506. ISSN 1538-4640. JSTOR 1975506.
40. ^ "About Franklin". Franklin University Switzerland Official Web Site. Franklin Academy Switzerland. Archived from the original on 8 Apr 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
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44. ^ "Liberal Arts Plan at Uppsala University". Archived from the original on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
45. ^ "Agile". Agile.ge. Archived from the original on 6 October 2013. Retrieved 26 Baronial 2013.
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References [edit]

• Castle, E.B. (1969). Ancient Teaching and Today.
• Curtius, Ernst Robert (1973) [1948]. European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages . Translated by Trask, Willard R. Princeton: Princeton Academy Press. ISBN9780691097398.
• Griffiths, Fiona J. (2011). The Garden of Delights: Reform and Renaissance for Women in the Twelfth Century. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN9780812202113.
• Kimball, Bruce A. Orators and Philosophers: A History of the Thought of Liberal Pedagogy. College Board, 1995.
• Lausberg, H. (1998). Handbook of Literary Rhetoric.
• Michael, William (2020). "The Virgin Mary and the Classical Liberal Arts". Classical Liberal Arts Academy.
• Tidbury, Iain (five August 2019). "Liberal Arts Pedagogy by and for Women". Liberal Arts . Retrieved v August 2019.
• Tubbs, Nigel (2014). Philosophy and Modern Liberal Arts Education: Liberty is to Learn. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN978-1-137-35891-two. OCLC 882530818.
• Waddell, Helen (1968). The Wandering Scholars.
• Wagner, David Leslie (1983). The Seven liberal arts in the Heart Ages. Indiana University Press. ISBN978-0-253-35185-2.

Further reading [edit]

• Anders, George (2019). You lot Can Do Anything: The Surprising Ability of a "Useless" Liberal Arts Education. Back Bay Books. ISBN978-0316548885.
• Barzun, Jacques. The House of Intellect, Reprint Harper Perennial, 2002.
• Blaich, Charles, Anne Bost, Ed Chan, and Richard Lynch. "Defining Liberal Arts Didactics." Center of Inquiry in the Liberal Arts, 2004.
• Blanshard, Brand. The Uses of a Liberal Teaching: And Other Talks to Students. (Open Court, 1973. ISBN 0-8126-9429-5)
• Friedlander, Jack. Measuring the Benefits of Liberal Arts Education in Washington's Customs Colleges. Los Angeles: Center for the Written report of Community Colleges, 1982a. (ED 217 918)
• Grafton Anthony and Lisa Jardine. From Humanism to the Humanities: The Institutionalizing of the Liberal Arts in Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-century Europe, Harvard University Press, 1987.
• Guitton, Jean. A Student'southward Guide to Intellectual Work, The University of Notre Dame Printing, 1964.
• Highet, Gilbert. The Art of Teaching, Vintage Books, 1950.
• Joseph, Sister Miriam. The Trivium: The Liberal Arts of Logic, Grammer, and Rhetoric. Paul Dry Books Inc, 2002.
• Kimball, Bruce A. The Liberal Arts Tradition: A Documentary History. University Press Of America, 2010.
• T. Kaori Kitao; William R. Kenan, Jr. (27 March 1999). The Usefulness Of Uselessness (PDF). Keynote Address, The 1999 Plant for the Academic Advancement of Youth'due south Odyssey at Swarthmore College. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 October 2008. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
• McGrath, Charles. "What Every Student Should Know", New York Times, 8 January 2006.
• Parker, H. "The Vii Liberal Arts," The English language Historical Review, Vol. Five, 1890.
• Pfnister, Allan O. (1984). "The Office of the Liberal Arts College: A Historical Overview of the Debates". The Journal of Higher Teaching. Ohio Land University Press. 55 (2): 145–70. doi:10.2307/1981183. ISSN 1538-4640. JSTOR 1981183.
• Reeves, Floyd W. (1930). "The Liberal-Arts Higher". The Journal of Higher Education. Ohio State University Printing. 1 (7): 373–80. doi:x.2307/1974170. ISSN 1538-4640. JSTOR 1974170.
• Ruckdeschel, Christopher. On the Nature of the Classical Liberal Arts, Bookbaby, 2019.
• Saint-Victor, Hugh of. The Didascalicon, Columbia Academy Printing, 1961.
• Schall, James V. Another Sort of Learning, Ignatius Press, 1988.
• Seidel, George J. (1968). "Saving the Small College". The Journal of Higher Education. Ohio State University Printing. 39 (6): 339–42. doi:ten.2307/1979916. ISSN 1538-4640. JSTOR 1979916.
• Sertillanges, A. G. The Intellectual Life, The Catholic Academy of America Press, 1998.
• Tubbs, Northward. (2011) "Know Thyself: Macrocosm and Microcosm" in Studies in Philosophy and Education Volume thirty no.i
• Winterer, Caroline. The Culture of Classicism: Ancient Greece and Rome in American Intellectual Life, 1780–1910. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Printing, 2002.
• Wriston, Henry M. The Nature of a Liberal Higher. Lawrence University Press, 1937.
• Zakaria, Fareed. In Defence of a Liberal Educational activity. New York: West.Due west. Norton & Company, 2015.

External links [edit]

• "Arts, Liberal". New International Encyclopedia. 1905. Definition and short history of the Seven Liberal Arts from 1905.
• Fr. Herve de la Tour, "The 7 Liberal Arts", Edocere, a Resource for Cosmic Didactics, February 2002. Thomas Aquinas'due south definition of and justification for a liberal arts education.
• Otto Willmann. "The Seven Liberal Arts". In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Visitor, 1907. Retrieved thirteen August 2012.] "[Renaissance] Humanists, over-fond of change, unjustly condemned the system of the seven liberal arts as barbarous. Information technology is no more than roughshod than the Gothic mode, a proper name intended to exist a reproach. The Gothic, built upwards on the conception of the old basilica, ancient in origin, yet Christian in grapheme, was misjudged by the Renaissance on account of some excrescences, and obscured by the additions engrafted upon information technology by modern lack of taste… That the achievements of our forefathers should be understood, recognized, and adapted to our own needs, is surely to exist desired."
• Andrew Chrucky (one September 2003). "The Aim of Liberal Education". "The content of a liberal education should exist moral problems equally provided by history, anthropology, sociology, economics, and politics. And these should be discussed forth with a reflection on the nature of morality and the nature of discussions, i.e., through a study of rhetoric and logic. Since give-and-take takes place in language, an effort should be made to develop a facility with language."
• "Philosophy of Liberal Education" A bibliography, compiled by Andrew Chrucky, with links to essays offering dissimilar points of view on the meaning of a liberal teaching.
• Mark Peltz, "The Liberal Arts and Leadership", College News (The Annapolis Group), 14 May 2012. A defense of liberal educational activity by the Acquaintance Dean of Grinnell College (get-go appeared in Within College Ed).
• "Liberal Arts at the Community College", an ERIC Fact Sheet. ERIC Clearinghouse for Junior Colleges Los Angeles
• "A Descriptive Analysis of the Community College Liberal Arts Curriculum". ERIC Clearinghouse for Inferior Colleges Los Angeles
• The Center of Inquiry in the Liberal Arts. Website about The Wabash Study (for improving liberal didactics). Sponsored by the Center of Inquiry in the Liberal Arts at Wabash Higher (Indiana), the Wabash Written report began in the autumn of 2010 – scheduled to stop in 2013. Participants include 29 prominent colleges and universities.
• Academic Commons. An online platform in back up of the liberal education customs. Information technology is a forum for sharing practices, outcomes, and lessons learned of online learning. Formerly sponsored past the Center of Enquiry in the Liberal Arts, The Academic Eatables is hosted by the National Institute for Applied science in Liberal Pedagogy ("NITLE".).
• The Liberal Arts Advantage – for Business. Website dedicated to "Bridging the gap between business and the liberal arts". "A liberal arts education is aimed at developing the ability to think, reason, analyze, decide, discern, and evaluate. That's in contrast to a professional person or technical education (business, engineering science, computer science, etc.) which develops specific abilities aimed at preparing students for vocations."
• Video explanation by Professor Nigel Tubbs of liberal arts curriculum and degree requirements of Winchester Academy, UK.. "Liberal arts education (Latin: liberalis, complimentary, and ars, fine art or principled practice) involves us in thinking philosophically across many subject boundaries in the humanities, the social and natural sciences, and fine arts. The degree combines compulsory modules covering fine art, faith, literature, science and the history of ideas with a wide range of optional modules. This enables students to have flexibility and control over their program of study and the content of their assessments."

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_arts_education

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